Testing of the Melting Points of p-dichlorobenzene Essays

Testing of the Melting Points of p-dichlorobenzene Essays Testing of the Melting Points of p-dichlorobenzene Paper Testing of the Melting Points of p-dichlorobenzene Paper Melting point temperature is a physical property of pure substances. It is an intensive property, which means the amount of material tested is irrelevant. This lab will determine the melting point temperatures of two known pure substances, naphthalene and p-dishonorable, using micro-sized quantities and a capillary melting tube apparatus. The percent error will then be calculated y comparing the experimental value to the known literature value. Results: In Table 1 on the next page, it shows the literature value melting points for p- dishonorable and naphthalene. While observing p-disorderlinesss we noticed it started melting at 54. 60 C; As for naphthalene we noticed it started melting at 80. 3 0 C. We kept watching closely until p-dishonorable finished melting or clearing at 54. 20 C (Recorded in Table 2); Naphthalene finished melting at 80. 90 C. We then used the finishing melting point and the literature value melting point and plugged it in the % error formula. Discussions: Why should each sample be tightly packed into the capillary tube prior to testing? Each sample should be tightly packed into the capillary tube because air spaces affect the melting point. Why should the heating rate during the melting point determinations be as slow as 2 to 3 degrees C per minute? The heating rate should be as slow as 2 to 3 degrees Celsius per minute because the thermometer would read more accurately. A slow heating rate allows the transfer of heat from the heating block to the water to the thermometer to be more accurate.

human Rights essays

human Rights essays Human , the most superior and the highest value of the world. Its a creature who has already known its value and also its a creature which is trying to increase that value. So , What are the social necessity to help us to define it and necessity to make human be a human. That is of course RIGHTS. Rights , give the talent of be an individual to people . After that , when a person be an individual , it is the time of improving she or her self and thinking about the future. We can collect the rights in three frame. These are Political , Economic and Social Rights. Naturally, To make these rights a legal institution and prevent to be a desire only . We need a human rights protection system. If so , What are the right and rights entirely and How is a protection system will be We define the right as an entitlement to act or be treated in a particular way (1). In todays world , rights are belong to two legal system. The first one is in The USAs Bill Of Rights system (2). According to that system , The rights decelerated by a written text or constitution. Because of that , citizens are sure about what can they do. That method is called The pozitive rights system. However the other system was built up on prohibitions not the rights. We will give the UK for an example to that system. In that legal system , there are no written constitution or bill of rights but also there are prohibitions . That means , Citizens of the State can understand what they can do from the what can they do not . Also this system is called Negative Rights Method. Now , I can named the rights one by one and can define them by help of these previous basic knowledge. Politic rights are not stated by the government and people had died for these rights in many times. When we are going to define the politic rights , we depend on the Bill of Rights System (written and constitutional ) . In any case , that system is the most popular one in the world . Beside...

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Marketing Research - Essay Example Although considered as non basic consumption commodities, biscuits and cakes have a huge popularity in the United Kingdom as well as in other parts of the world. There are occasions that the two cannot miss in the menu and therefore they will continue to have a large market. On the other hand, the brand names for these products have also been growing with even more international players joining the fray. As a result, retail chains have to understand the dynamics of the two products to be able to take advantage of their fast moving nature. With competition in the supermarket chains, it is important that our organization specifically understand and implement the best approaches on the sales of the stated products. This report is therefore intended to assist management to make decisions concerning minor adjustments (tactical, short-term) and major changes (strategic, longer-term) to the current product mix. It will analyze the various issues that have majorly stood out on the popular br ands of cakes and biscuits in the United Kingdom. The consumers of the available products are also important for this analysis and therefore it is important that the report evaluate the various aspects of consumer market according to the valuable information in the sector. The time frame for this analysis shall be within the last five years. However, before the actual analysis of product mix, it is important to have a brief overview of the sector within the set time frame as discussed in the following section. Market Overview To begin, the biscuit segment in the country has witnessed a gradual growth in the recent years with a growth of 6% according to the year 2012 estimates (Companies and Markets 2013). One driver of consumption in this sector has been the use of biscuits as an accompaniment of hot drinks. On the other hand, biscuits have always benefited from the drop in the cake sector. This situation can be attributed to the costs and health factors that have dominated the conc erns of consumers in the contemporary society. Among the major brands in the United Kingdom market is marketed under United Biscuits (UK) ltd, which is a leader in the country for production of popular biscuits. Some of the brands include McVite’s digestive, Mini Cheddars, Jacobs and Hob nobs (Companies and Markets, 2013). As mentioned earlier, health issues and sustainability of the environment has been a great factor in the determination of the brand and product of choice by customers. In addition, the biscuits segment is categorized into seasonal, special treat and children biscuits. With children being some of the major market segments for biscuits, it is evident that the children biscuits has experienced and maintained a rapid growth. To the cake sector, the major categories are the individual and large cakes which may be in the form of pies and tarts. The individual cake category has been fast growing due to the cost issues and convenience factors associated with packag ing and brand image. With the economic turbulence of the recent years, consumers have remained conscious of the prices so that they are able to reduce their expenditure on products associated with junkies or referred to as snacks. However, cakes have been traditionally known for occasions like weddings and birthdays. As a result, customized cakes still afford to fetch a lot of money in the sector. In addition, due to health concerns, many producers are constantly changing their product composition for more healthy final products. Product Mix Analysis The product mix

Operations management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations management - Term Paper Example Tactical issues are inclusive of structure and layout of the plant, methods of project management, selection of equipment, and their replacement. Operational issues, on the other hand, include control and scheduling of production, management of inventory, control and inspection of quality, handling of materials and traffic, and policies for the maintenance of equipment. This paper aims to discuss the theoretical approaches of operation management and then provides an analysis of the manner in which a restaurant, Tasty Delights, can ensure that their suppliers meet their need for raw materials and also provides an analysis of the operation techniques to be employed in both quality and supply. Introduction Operation management carefully focuses on process management in production and distribution of services (Brown et al, 2008:98). Overall activities are inclusive of creation of products, development, and management of products and services. Activities related to this include quality c ontrol, storage, process evaluation, and logistics. The greatest focus is on process effectiveness and efficiency. Operations management is inclusive of substantial analysis and measurement of internal processes. The nature of operations management is dependent on the services or products that the organization deals with. Operations management is made up of various parts that enable the organization to run smoothly and achieve its set goals (Waters, 2009:198). These include: Procurement practices which deal with the guidelines for the purchase of various products and materials form vendors and suppliers including insurance, legal services, computers and others. Management control and coordinating function which includes a wide range of operations aimed at ensuring that the goals set by the organization are being met consistently in an efficient and effective fashion (Waters, 2009:198). Product and service management which focuses on the entire organization’s operations rather than the management of a service or a product seen in service and product management for food service industries (Waters, 2009:198). Quality management which is vital in the operations management effectiveness with emphasis on continuous improvement. Quality advances including total quality management and benchmarking have resulted in the operations management advances as well (Waters, 2009:199). Distribution channels which deal with distribution means and depends on the nature of the service or product (Waters, 2009:199). Enterprise resource planning which refers to utilization of software applications in the integration of external and internal functions of the organization. Via the facilitation of information flow between HR, inventory control, and accounting, decision making, and planning are made easier (Waters, 2009:199). Facilities management since the effectiveness of operations management is dependent on the effective management of buildings, signage, computer systems, lig hting and others (Waters, 2009:200). Supply chain management which is the combination of science and art for the improvement of an organization’s raw components that it needs for the making of service and products and delivery to the customers (Waters, 2009:200). It has five basic components which are; planning, sourcing of supplies, making or manufacturing, delivery, and return of defective products. This paper will aim to discuss these

New venture development with the guidance of a mentor Essay

New venture development with the guidance of a mentor - Essay Example Cope (473-491) pointed out that how it feels like creating a new business venture without mentors? The question 1 also depicts the same question but in different fashion. Bakker, Curseu and Vermeulen (95-219) stressed on Social cognitive learning theory (SCLT) in order to highlight the fact that first-time entrepreneurs need support from an experienced mentor or suggestion from peer group in order to be succeeded. Cope (473-491) conducted research on novice entrepreneurs and found that in most of the cases, these entrepreneurs faced challenges while establishing new ventures. For example, one entrepreneur told that he was completely in dark about the future of the business in next 5 years while one told that she did not have the knowledge about how much resource to be allocated at what sector of the venture and other novice entrepreneur told that he broke down after his first attempt to establish business venture failed. Phenomenological analysis of the problems faced by these novice entrepreneurs reveals the fact that fear has created in the mind of these entrepreneurs due to failure of first venture and scope of infusing the social leaning through experienced mentor. Politis (399-424) argued that social capital theory and learning model can be used to understand lived experience of an entrepreneur while starting new venture. Politis (399-424) stated that enthusiasm level of entrepreneurs remains high while starting the new venture and it has been fuelled by the dream to grab the opportunity but in most of the cases, these entrepreneurs lack the social learning which can guide them to do the business. There can be four types of learning modes such as accommodator, diverge, converge and assimilator. Armstrong (527) argued that the four learning platform should be integrated in single frame in order to increase the risk taking capacity of entrepreneurs. Armstrong (527) stated that in most of the cases, a novice entrepreneur lacks the strategic thinking capabilit y, business knowledge, lack of idea regarding life cycle of the startup venture, business experience but such incompetence can be addressed by taking guide of an experienced individual. It is evident from the research works of Armstrong (527) and Politis (399-424) that ability to take calculated risk is essential for a novice entrepreneur to become successful. But, presence of a social group or mentor can help a novice entrepreneur to take calculated risk by transferring knowledge about risk management, enterprise establishment, metamorphosis from different stages of enterprise life cycle etc. Although, there are examples of entrepreneurs who established successful enterprise without having mentor but in other cases, novice entrepreneurs lacks all four kinds of learning phase such as accommodating, diverging, converging and assimilating necessary knowledge to establish a successful enterprise (Politis, 399-424). Hence, the researcher has found that Social cognitive learning theory ( SCLT) can be successfully used to understand the need of mentor in the life of a new entrepreneur while the theory should be further elaborated in order to frame the metamorphosis of a novice entrepreneur into a successful one. Question 2 Singh, Bains and Vinnicombe (389-405) defined mentoring as the asymmetric relationship between a more experienced and knowledgeable individual and protege. A mentor takes the protege under his/her

Systems Case Study Essay Example for Free

Systems Case Study Essay The subway network can be split into 4 main sub systems, those being design, manufacturing and maintenance, operation and customers. The design process initially involves designing the desired rail network, however once the entire system in in operation the design sub system involves the constant re design of features and parts caused by arising issues as well as updating the system to use newer technologies. This subsystem requires many disciplines of engineering including electrical which designs many of the electrical features including the main power system responsible in powering  of the overall system [1], civil which designs structures such as stations, bridges and tunnels underneath the city [2] and mechanical which is involved in the design of railway vehicles [3]. The manufacturing and maintenance subsystem involves the building of everything required for the system to function from manufacturing the trains themselves to constructing the network of rails, tunnels and stations they travel through. This is all continuously maintained to assure it is reliable and fully functioning to allow for the system to be operated. One important engineering discipline involved in the manufacturing subsystem is manufacturing engineering which with the aid of many other engineering disciplines is able to turn raw materials into new products such as train carts, railway tracks etc [4]. The operation process is the subsystem that the customers or users of this system rely heavily upon. The operation of this system involves using all the parts of this system in order to fulfil its function of transporting its users. The operation process involves constant monitoring of the system in order to allow for a schedule as well as maintain safety and assure the system is functioning correctly. This all requires many operators such as traffic controllers, drivers and conductors. Software Engineering is a very important part of the operation process as it is responsible for developing software to track rail carts, display arrival times and operate automated train supervision [5]. The final subsystem of this system is the customers or the users. This system includes all the users of the rail system and as the main purpose this system is to provide customers with transportation this subsystem like every other relies heavily upon all the other subsystems in order to allow the rail system to function. The main subsystems or the systems key elements interact strongly with each other and rely heavily upon each other in order for the system to function. The whole purpose of the rail transportation system is to create a more efficient, convenient and more simple way for people to travel to and from a desired location. A high level of intelligent communication and interactions between the subsystems allows the system to meet its desired outcomes. As transportation is the users need there is a strong interaction between the customers and the operation subsystems. In order to meet customers’ needs the operation of this system needs to be working efficiently, this requires all the parts involved in this subsystem to be running proficiently as any dilemmas within this subsystem can impact the customers causing problems such as delays and accidents which can lead to many complications with the system as a whole [6]. In order to meet customers needs there is a strong interaction between the operation and the manufacturing and maintainance subsystems. In order to operate the system there initially needs to be parts that have been manufactured such as tracks, stations and trains. However once the system is running constant maintenance on parts as well as the manufacturing of new parts are needed in order to allow to allow for the operation of the system to run efficiently [4]. Problems in the manufacturing and mainanace system can furthur lead to operation issues that can have a devastating impact on the customers. To assure that apropriate parts are made the manufacturing and maintainance subsystem relies on the design subsystem. This subsystem is extremely important in assuring that features of the system are designed  apropriatly eliminating any potential risks during the manufacturing and operating stages [7]. Finally the customer subsystem has strong interaction between all the other main susbystems. Actions and the behaviours of the customers infuluences and changes the ways all the subsystems interact. More users require more operation which leads to the need of more manufacturing, maintainence and design. Less users can potentially reverse this effect. In order to create a sustainable system the key elements need to rely heavily upon each other [8].

Health Promotion In Relation To Holistic Care

Health Promotion In Relation To Holistic Care This essay will attempt to discuss the significance of the link between health promotion and holistic care for the patient. Firstly, the patient will be introduced and a definition of holistic care and assessment will be given. Secondly, the health promotion model and nursing interventions will be described and discussed. Finally this essay will reflect on the effectiveness utilising of health promotion models care; rounded up by a conclusion of the findings. Names in this essay have been changed to protect the patients identity and maintain confidentiality in accordance with the nursing and midwifery councils guidelines (NMC, 2008). Verbal consent was obtained by the client and her family, to use their basic anonymised details. The patient, who for the purpose of this essay shall be known as Jane, is 21 years old and has an acquired brain injury (ABI) following a road traffic accident. An ABI is defined by Headway (2010), the brain injury association, as an injury caused to the brain since birth. Jane has problems remembering information and continually repeats what she says, and also repetition of speech, known as perseveration. Jane was originally admitted onto the neuro rehabilitation ward to address challenging behaviours at home and following successful interventions was due to be discharged when an appropriate care package could be put into place. Due to the complexity of Janes condition her care package was taking longer than planned. While waiting for discharge, Jane, who usually lives at home with her mother, has undertaken many home visits. It then became apparent that Jane was losing weight to the extent that she had become underweight and it became necessary for this to be addressed before Jane could be discharged. It was important that Janes weight was addressed as after a Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) assessment was carried out it was concluded that Jane was at high risk from malnutrition. MUST is a screening tool that recognizes malnutrition and those at risk of malnutrition. It encourages multidisciplinary working which improve clinical outcome (BAPEN 2003). At 5 foot 7 inches and weighing 53 kilograms Janes body mass index (BMI) was 19. She also had lost approximately 0.5 kilograms a week for the prior four weeks meaning she had lost nearly 5 percent of her body weight. Best (p.23, 2008) states that malnutrition is caused by an inadequate availability of nutrients, because of either poor intake or deficiency as a result of disease. It is widely accepted that adequate nutrition plays an important role in maintaining optimal health. Following a healthy diet has lots of benefits, not only physically but mentally too. According to the World Health Organization (1948) health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Following this a complete holistic assessment was carried out. The world health organisation (WHO, 2004), states that holism is a concept which takes into account a patients mind, body and spirit. It includes all aspects of the client and carers life, for example, account of problems from both person and carer, psychiatric and physical health history, medication and compliance, social history, past and current hobbies and interests, daily living skills, driving and faith/religion. Each of these elements is seen as inter-related and as equally important so when any of the elements are compromised there will be an inevitable effect on the others (Ellis 1999, Brooker Waugh 2007). The assessment used for the patient is a trust based holistic assessment founded on the Roper-Logan-Tierney Activities of Daily Living Model. Although published in 1980 this first model of nursing is just as relevant today. The model identifies the 12 activities of daily living as: communication; breathing; eating and drinking; eliminating; sleeping; dying; mobilisation; managing a safe environment; personal cleansing and dressing; work and play; expressing sexuality. These activities identify the basic health needs with the emphasis on assessing the effect of the mind, body and soul of each activity in relation to the persons health. They note how the activities are inter-related and not mutually exclusive (Roper et al 2000). They expanded on the inter-linked relationship between the patient, activities of daily living, factors which influence these activities (for example environmental factors), the lifespan and our level of dependence. It is because of these views that this model has been utilised as a true holistic assessment. Hinchcliff et al (2008), Brooker Waugh (2007) and Dougherty Lister (2008) substantiate that assessment is an ongoing, complex, systematic and interactive process. It involves gathering a range of information from and about the client and then using that information to decide the care, support and intervention that is required. The information is then clearly documented as in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils guidelines (NMC 2005). Subsequent to the assessment, Jane was discussed at the weekly multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meeting, as in accordance with the NMC code which states that nurses must work together with other professionals as a team whilst sharing and valuing each others skills and knowledge (NMC, 2008). The nurse is at the core of the clients care and can therefore communicate and negotiate the clients needs and preferences to other members of the interprofessional team (Day, 2006). Following the meeting various interventions were put in place: Blood tests were ordered to check for any underlying medical causes (test results were negative). Janes weight was to be monitored on a weekly basis, food and drink charts as well as nutritional supplement charts were to be completed by nursing staff and Janes relatives who often took her out for meals. The Royal College of Nursings campaign Nutrition Now (RCN 2007) suggests that patients are also monitored to make sure that they are eating the food they are offered. Protected mealtimes on the ward would be observed by all members of the multidisciplinary team as sometimes this was not adhered to. Nutrition Now (2007) also highlights the need for protected mealtimes so that there is a more relaxed atmosphere for patients to eat their meals and that they are assisted by nurses as well as healthcare staff to eat their meals. The dietician would review Janes nutritional intake: Speech and language would assess Jane for any s wallowing difficulties: Occupational therapy would observe Jane eating and drinking before making any recommendations: Janes weight would be monitored and reviewed at following MDT meetings. Auty Rennie (2007) suggest that professionals working in isolation with a client rather than in a team struggle to achieve the optimum outcome for the client as any treatment provided could be ineffective. Janes named nurse explained to Jane issues that had been discussed at the MDT meeting and that Janes weight would need to be stabilised before she could be discharged. Also a care plan would be put in place to address this issue. Nursing staff had already identified that Jane would be worried about becoming overweight as this was something she relayed often during conversations with them. Rosenstockss health belief model (1952) cited in Glanz (2005) works by exploring peoples perception and ways to inform, encourage and motivate change. There are six steps contained in this model: Perceived susceptibility; perceived severity; perceived benefits; perceived barriers; cues to action; self-efficacy. These steps were applied to the issue of Janes weight. Jane was worried about becoming overweight (perceived susceptibility) and she was informed of the risk to her health because of not eating enough. Janes understanding and judgement of the severity of the situation were difficult. Short-term memory problems and the inability to process information and make informed decisions are common problems associated with ABI (Headway 2009). Because of this the nurse clarified to Jane how her health would be affected and that she would not be well enough to be discharged (perceived severity). Jane appeared to understand that she needed to put on weight before she could return home, it was explained that her food intake would be monitored and that the dietician had revised her diet to include high calorie foods and supplements. Jane was happy to comply with the interventions as she knew she would be discharged but she was worried that she would not be able to eat and drink enough even if she wanted to (perceived benefits). Jane was reassured that she would be given support and guidance to ensure the best possible outcome (perceived barriers). Although cues to action are directed more towards people living in the community it was adapted to meet Janes needs, she was given information in a format she could understand and also took part in Health Eating Sessions with patients from other wards. Jane was supported and encouraged to eat snacks as well as her regular meal, food she enjoyed was made available to her at anytime. She also had regular motivational chats with her named nurse (self-efficacy). The Tannahill model (1985) cited by Downie et al (2002) was also utilised. This model defines health promotion as an approach to improving health and diminishing the risk of ill health through incorporating three processes; health education; prevention; protection. Health education: influencing peoples behaviour and attitudes; encouraging positive well being and diminishing ill health. Prevention and protection: to diminish the risk of disease developing by interventions, that is, primary: Giving people the knowledge to make better choices with regard to their health, for example, risks related to smoking; immunization. Secondary intervention: Health screening for early detection, for example, smear tests, smoking cessation. Tertiary: Managing established disease and preventing complications, for example, rehabilitation advice after stroke or serious injury. Protection: through government policies: public health and health promotion programmes can improve health, reduce disease risks , manage chronic illness, improve wellbeing, promoting self-sufficiency of individuals. In conclusion the holistic assessment and health promotion and belief models have worked well for the patient. It allowed the multidisciplinary team to put together an effective care plan. The nurses involved with Janes care gave lots of encouragement and advice to Jane and because nursing staff followed the care plan Jane began putting weight on. Although the reason why she needed to do so and the reassurance that she would not become overweight had to be explained to Jane continually because of her short term memory problems. The effectiveness of the care plan is apparent as despite NICE bringing in Providing nutritional support for adults guidelines and the introduction of specialist nutrition teams, being brought in over the last twenty years there are still patients who are somehow being missed and are under-nourished (Holder 2009). Additionally NICE guidelines (2006) state that knowledge of causes, effects and treatment of malnutrition among healthcare professional in the UK is poor. It goes on to say that all health professionals linked with patient care should be trained in knowing how to provide ample nutrition for peoples needs. This can be seen to still be a major factor in the improvement of nutrition for health. Holder (2009) asserts that nurses need to be aware of all initiatives nationally, regionally and within their own trust so they are able to provide better nutrition for their patients. 1943 words